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1 stress due to temperature
English-German dictionary of Architecture and Construction > stress due to temperature
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2 stress due to temperature
напряжение вследствие теплового воздействия
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > stress due to temperature
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3 stress due to temperature
1) Техника: напряжение от тепловых воздействий2) Железнодорожный термин: температурное напряжение3) Контроль качества: напряжение вследствие теплового воздействияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > stress due to temperature
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4 stress due to temperature
Англо-русский железнодорожный словарь > stress due to temperature
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5 stress due to temperature
English-Russian dictionary of machine parts > stress due to temperature
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6 stress due to temperature
The English-Russian dictionary on reliability and quality control > stress due to temperature
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7 stress due to temperature change
nMECH ENG esfuerzo debido al cambio de temperatura mEnglish-Spanish technical dictionary > stress due to temperature change
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8 stress
1) напряжение; сила, усилие || подвергать напряжению; подвергать воздействию силы•- actual stress
- admissible stress
- allowable stress
- alternate stress
- average stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- biaxial stress
- breaking stress
- brinelling stresses
- buckling stress
- bursting stress
- calculated stress
- combined stress
- composite stress
- compound stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress
- contact stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- direct stress
- elastic stress
- endurance limit stress
- environmental stress
- erection stress
- fillet stress
- flexural stress
- flow stress
- functional stress
- heat stress
- impact stress
- inelastic stress
- initial stress
- internal stress
- limit stress
- limiting stress
- live load stress
- load stress
- localized stress
- locked-in stress
- longitudinal stress
- misfit stress
- normal stress
- permissible stress
- plane stress
- plane stresses in a bandsaw blade
- positive stress
- principal stress
- pulsating stress
- repeated stresses
- residual stress
- resisting stress
- reversed stress
- root stress
- shaft stress
- shear stress
- shearing stress
- shock stress
- subsurface stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- tensile residual stress
- tensile stress
- tension stress
- tolerated stress
- torsional stress
- transverse stress
- triaxial stress
- twisting stress
- two-dimensional state of stress
- two-dimensional stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- yield stressEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > stress
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9 stress
1 nC&G tensión fCOAL carga f, esfuerzo m, tensión fCONST esfuerzo m, tensión fGEOL fatiga f, tensión fMAR POLL esfuerzo mMECH carga f, fatiga f, fuerza f, tensión fMECH ENG esfuerzo m, fatiga f, fuerza f, tensión f, resistencia a la deformación f, resistencia a la fatiga fMETALL esfuerzo repetitivo m, fatiga fP&R carga f, esfuerzo m, fatiga f, tensión fPETR TECH esfuerzo m, tensión fPHYS, SPACE tensión fWATER TRANSP esfuerzo m2 vtMECH ENG sobrecargar, someter a esfuerzoPHYS tensionar -
10 stress
- stress
- n1. (внутреннее) усилие, внутренняя сила
2. (механическое) напряжение
3. нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка
stress acting away from the joint — усилие ( в элементе фермы), действующее от узла
stresses arising from bending and axial loading — напряжения, возникающие от поперечного изгиба и действия продольных сил
stress constant across the section — напряжение, постоянное по всему сечению
stress due to prestress — усилие обжатия бетона; напряжение в бетоне, вызванное обжатием
stresses due to wind forces — напряжения от сил ветра, напряжения от ветровой нагрузки
stresses induced by loads — напряжения, вызванные нагрузкой [нагружением] ( в отличие от температурных напряжений)
stress in reinforcement — напряжение [усилие] в арматуре
stresses in truss components [in truss members] — усилия в стержнях [элементах фермы]
stress resolved into two components — напряжение, разложенное на две составляющие
stress varying from point to point — напряжение, меняющееся от точки к точке ( сечения элемента)
stresses with the elastic limit — напряжения, не превышающие предела упругости; напряжения в упругой области
- actual stress
- additional stress
- allowable stress
- allowable unit stress
- alternate stress
- anchorage bond stress
- average stress
- axial stress
- bar stress
- bearing unit stress
- bearing stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- bending failure stress
- biaxial stress
- blow stress
- bond stress
- bottom-chord stress
- boundary stress
- breaking stress
- buckling stress
- calculated stress
- circumferential unit stress
- circumferential stress
- combined stresses
- combined bearing, bending, and shear stresses
- combined shear and bending stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress in bending
- concentrated-load stress
- constant stress
- crack-inducing stress
- crippling stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- cycle stress
- dead load stress
- design stress
- development bond stress
- deviation stress
- deviator stress
- direct stress
- drying shrinkage stresses
- dynamic stress
- edge stress
- effective stress
- equivalent stress
- erection stress
- extreme fiber stress
- extreme stress
- failure stress
- fatigue stress
- fiber stress
- final stress
- flexible stress
- floor stress during operation
- floor stress when climbing
- flow stress
- fluctuating stresses
- fracture stress
- freezing stresses
- gravity stress
- handling stresses
- high localized stresses
- hoop stress
- hydrostatic stress
- ideal main stress
- impact stresses
- initial stresses
- intergranular stress
- intermediate principal stress
- jacking stress
- larger principal stress
- limiting stresses permitted in the standard
- linearly varying stresses
- live-load stress
- local stresses
- local bond stress
- longitudinal stress
- main stress
- maximum stress
- maximum allowable stress
- maximum shearing stress
- mean stress
- mean cycle stress
- mean fatigue stress
- membrane stresses
- meridian stress
- negative normal stress
- neutral stress
- normal stress
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- peak stress
- permissible stress
- plate stresses
- point-load stress
- positive normal stress
- primary stress
- principal stresses
- principal tensile stress
- proof stress
- proof stress at 0.2 percent set
- pulsating stress
- radial stress
- radial shearing stress
- reduced main stress
- reinforcement stress
- repeated stress
- residual stress
- reversed stress
- rupture stress
- safe stress
- secondary stresses
- service stress
- settlement stresses
- shear stress
- shear stresses on oblique planes
- shear buckling stress
- shearing stress
- shrinkage-related stress
- shrinkage stress
- smaller principal stress
- spherical stress
- splitting tensile stress
- static stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- temporary stress
- tensile stress
- tensile stress due to bending
- thermal stress
- timber stresses
- time-dependent stress
- top-chord stress
- torsional stress
- total stress
- transverse bending stress in flange
- true stress
- truss stresses
- truss stresses determined by method of sections
- twisting stress
- ultimate stress
- ultimate shear stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- unit stress produced by design loads
- unrelieved stress
- working stress
- yield stress
Англо-русский строительный словарь. — М.: Русский Язык. С.Н.Корчемкина, С.К.Кашкина, С.В.Курбатова. 1995.
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11 stress
1) (механическое) напряжение; напряжённое состояние; условное напряжение2) нагрузка, усилие3) гидроудар4) воздействие5) нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузка•- actual stress - admissible stress - advancing load stress - allowable stress - alternate stress - applied stress - arch stress - axial stress - bar stress - basic stress - bearing stress - belt stresses - bending stress - blow stress - bond stress - braking stress - breaking stress - calculated stress - chord stress - circular symmetrical stress - combined stress - completely reversed stresses - complex stress - compressive stress - compressive stress in bending - concrete stress - constant stress - cooling stress - couple stress - crack stress - crackforming stress - crippling stress - critical stress - critical compressive stress - cross-bending stress - cyclical stresses - dead stress - dead-load stress - design stress - direct stress - discontinuity stress - downward stress - dynamic stress - ecological stress - edge stress - effective stress - elastic stress - engineering stress - erection stress - external stress - fabrication stress - failing stress - fatigue stress - fatigue limit stress - fibre stress - final stress - flexural stress - floor stress - fluctuating stresses - friction-induced stress - functional stress - gravity stress - ground stress - handling stress - heat stress - hoist stresses - hoop stress - horizontal stress - impact stress - indirect stress - induced stress - inherent stresses - initial stress - intermediate stress - internal stress - jacking stress - lateral stress - limiting maximum stress - linear stress - live load stress - load stress - local stresses - locked-up stresses - longitudinal stress - mechanical stress - net stress - neutral stress - normal stress - operating stress - operational stress - permissible stress - plane stress - point-load stress - primary stress - principal stresses - proof stress - radial stress - reinforcement stresses - relaxation of stresses - repeated stresses - residual stress - reverse stress - rupture stress - safe stress - secondary stress - shearing stress - shock stress - simple stress - snow load stress - specific stress - static stress - subsidiary stress - surface stress - sustained stress - sway stress - tangential stress - temperature stress - tensile stress - thermal stress - thermal stress on structure - three-dimensional stress - time-dependant stress - torsional stress - total stress - transverse stress - true stress - twisting stress - ultimate stress - uniaxial stress - unit stress - unsafe stress - varying stress - vibratory stress - volumetric stress - water stress - wave stress - welding stress - wheel-load stress - wind stress - working stress - yield stress - yield point stressstress due to prestress — усилие ( в бетоне), вызванное предварительным напряжением
* * *1. (внутреннее) усилие, внутренняя сила2. (механическое) напряжение3. нагрузка на единицу площади, интенсивность нагрузки, удельная нагрузкаstress acting away from the joint — усилие ( в элементе фермы), действующее от узла
stresses arising from bending and axial loading — напряжения, возникающие от поперечного изгиба и действия продольных сил
stress constant across the section — напряжение, постоянное по всему сечению
stress due to prestress — усилие обжатия бетона; напряжение в бетоне, вызванное обжатием
stresses due to wind forces — напряжения от сил ветра, напряжения от ветровой нагрузки
stresses induced by loads — напряжения, вызванные нагрузкой [нагружением] ( в отличие от температурных напряжений)
stress in reinforcement — напряжение [усилие] в арматуре
stresses in truss components [in truss members] — усилия в стержнях [элементах фермы]
stress resolved into two components — напряжение, разложенное на две составляющие
stress varying from point to point — напряжение, меняющееся от точки к точке ( сечения элемента)
- actual stressstresses with the elastic limit — напряжения, не превышающие предела упругости; напряжения в упругой области
- additional stress
- allowable stress
- allowable unit stress
- alternate stress
- anchorage bond stress
- average stress
- axial stress
- bar stress
- bearing unit stress
- bearing stress
- belt stress
- bending stress
- bending failure stress
- biaxial stress
- blow stress
- bond stress
- bottom-chord stress
- boundary stress
- breaking stress
- buckling stress
- calculated stress
- circumferential unit stress
- circumferential stress
- combined stresses
- combined bearing, bending, and shear stresses
- combined shear and bending stress
- compression stress
- compressive stress in bending
- concentrated-load stress
- constant stress
- crack-inducing stress
- crippling stress
- critical stress
- crushing stress
- cycle stress
- dead load stress
- design stress
- development bond stress
- deviation stress
- deviator stress
- direct stress
- drying shrinkage stresses
- dynamic stress
- edge stress
- effective stress
- equivalent stress
- erection stress
- extreme fiber stress
- extreme stress
- failure stress
- fatigue stress
- fiber stress
- final stress
- flexible stress
- floor stress during operation
- floor stress when climbing
- flow stress
- fluctuating stresses
- fracture stress
- freezing stresses
- gravity stress
- handling stresses
- high localized stresses
- hoop stress
- hydrostatic stress
- ideal main stress
- impact stresses
- initial stresses
- intergranular stress
- intermediate principal stress
- jacking stress
- larger principal stress
- limiting stresses permitted in the standard
- linearly varying stresses
- live-load stress
- local stresses
- local bond stress
- longitudinal stress
- main stress
- maximum stress
- maximum allowable stress
- maximum shearing stress
- mean stress
- mean cycle stress
- mean fatigue stress
- membrane stresses
- meridian stress
- negative normal stress
- neutral stress
- normal stress
- octahedral normal stress
- octahedral shear stress
- peak stress
- permissible stress
- plate stresses
- point-load stress
- positive normal stress
- primary stress
- principal stresses
- principal tensile stress
- proof stress
- proof stress at 0.2 percent set
- pulsating stress
- radial stress
- radial shearing stress
- reduced main stress
- reinforcement stress
- repeated stress
- residual stress
- reversed stress
- rupture stress
- safe stress
- secondary stresses
- service stress
- settlement stresses
- shear stress
- shear stresses on oblique planes
- shear buckling stress
- shearing stress
- shrinkage-related stress
- shrinkage stress
- smaller principal stress
- spherical stress
- splitting tensile stress
- static stress
- surface stress
- tangential stress
- temperature stress
- temporary stress
- tensile stress
- tensile stress due to bending
- thermal stress
- timber stresses
- time-dependent stress
- top-chord stress
- torsional stress
- total stress
- transverse bending stress in flange
- true stress
- truss stresses
- truss stresses determined by method of sections
- twisting stress
- ultimate stress
- ultimate shear stress
- ultimate tensile stress
- unit stress
- unit stress produced by design loads
- unrelieved stress
- working stress
- yield stress -
12 stress
напряжение ( в конструкции) ; напряжённое состояние; рассчитывать на прочность или по условиям прочности -
13 напряжение вследствие теплового воздействия
напряжение вследствие теплового воздействия
—
[Л.Г.Суменко. Англо-русский словарь по информационным технологиям. М.: ГП ЦНИИС, 2003.]Тематики
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > напряжение вследствие теплового воздействия
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14 температурное напряжение
1) Engineering: heat stress2) Construction: thermal stress3) Railway term: stress due to temperature4) Oil: temperature stressУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > температурное напряжение
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15 Temperaturspannung
Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Temperaturspannung
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16 напряжение вследствие теплового воздействия
Quality control: stress due to temperatureУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > напряжение вследствие теплового воздействия
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17 напряжение от тепловых воздействий
Engineering: stress due to temperatureУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > напряжение от тепловых воздействий
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18 fall
fo:l
1. past tense - fell; verb1) (to go down from a higher level usually unintentionally: The apple fell from the tree; Her eye fell on an old book.) caer2) ((often with over) to go down to the ground etc from an upright position, usually by accident: She fell (over).) caerse3) (to become lower or less: The temperature is falling.) bajar, descender4) (to happen or occur: Easter falls early this year.) caer5) (to enter a certain state or condition: She fell asleep; They fell in love.) caer6) ((formal: only with it as subject) to come as one's duty etc: It falls to me to take care of the children.) incumbir
2. noun1) (the act of falling: He had a fall.) caída2) ((a quantity of) something that has fallen: a fall of snow.) caída3) (capture or (political) defeat: the fall of Rome.) rendición, caída4) ((American) the autumn: Leaves change colour in the fall.) otoño•- falls- fallout
- his
- her face fell
- fall away
- fall back
- fall back on
- fall behind
- fall down
- fall flat
- fall for
- fall in with
- fall off
- fall on/upon
- fall out
- fall short
- fall through
fall1 n1. caída2. descensofall2 vb1. caer / caerse2. bajar / descendertr[fɔːl]1 (act of falling) caída3 (decrease) baja, descenso, disminución nombre femenino■ a fall in temperature un descenso de temperaturas, una bajada de temperaturas4 (defeat) caída5 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (autumn) otoño1 (gen) caer, caerse2 (hang loosely) caer3 (decrease) bajar, descender4 (slope downwards) bajar, descender5 (be defeated) caer; (be killed) caer, perecer6 (happen) caer■ night fell cayó la noche, anocheció, se hizo de noche8 (wind) amainar9 figurative use (at cricket) caerse1 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL la Caída\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto fall asleep dormirseto fall flat figurative use salir mal, no tener el éxito deseadoto fall foul of tener problemas con, tener líos conto fall ill caer enfermo,-a, enfermarto fall from one's lips salir de la boca de unoto fall in love enamorarseto fall into conversation with somebody entablar una conversación con alguiento fall into the clutches of caer en las garras deto fall into the hands of caer en manos deto fall on one's feet tener mucha suerteto fall over backwards to do something hacer todo lo posible para hacer algo, desvivirse por hacer algoto fall over oneself to do something desvivirse por hacer algoto fall short no alcanzar (of, -)to fall silent callarseto fall to one's knees caerse de rodillasfall from grace caída en desgraciafall guy cabeza de turco, chivo expiatorio1) : caer, caerseto fall out of bed: caer de la camato fall down: caerse2) hang: caer3) descend: caer (dícese de la lluvia o de la noche), bajar (dícese de los precios), descender (dícese de la temperatura)4) : caer (a un enemigo), rendirsethe city fell: la ciudad se rindió5) occur: caerChristmas falls on a Friday: la Navidad cae en viernes6)to fall asleep : dormirse, quedarse dormido7)to fall from grace sin: perder la gracia8)to fall sick : caer enfermo, enfermarse9)to fall through : fracasar, caer en la nadato fall to : tocar a, corresponder athe task fell to him: le tocó hacerlofall n1) tumble: caída fto break one's fall: frenar uno su caídaa fall of three feet: una caída de tres pies2) falling: derrumbe m (de rocas), aguacero m (de lluvia), nevada f (de nieve), bajada f (de precios), disminución f (de cantidades)3) autumn: otoño m4) downfall: caída f, ruina f5) falls nplwaterfall: cascada f, catarata fadj.• otoñal adj.n.• baja s.f.• cascada s.f.• caída s.f.• otoño s.m.• tumbo s.m.v.(§ p.,p.p.: fell, fallen) = bajar v.• caer v.(§pres: caigo, caes...)• disminuir v.• retroceder v.
I fɔːl1) (tumble, descent) caída fto be heading o (esp AmE) riding for a fall — ir* camino al desastre
2) ( autumn) (AmE) otoño m3) ( decrease)a fall in temperature — un descenso de (las) temperaturas or de la temperatura
a fall in prices — una bajada or caída de precios
4) (defeat, collapse) caída f
II
1)a) ( tumble) caerse*to fall foul of somebody/something: he fell foul of the law/his boss — tuvo problemas con la ley/su jefe
b) ( descend) \<\<night/rain\>\> caer*2) \<\<temperature\>\> bajar, descender* (frml); \<\<price\>\> bajar, caer*; \<\<wind\>\> amainar3) (be captured, defeated)to fall (TO somebody) — \<\<city/country\>\> caer* (en manos or en poder de alguien)
4)to fall ill o (esp AmE) sick — caer* or (Esp tb) ponerse* enfermo, enfermarse (AmL)
to fall silent — callarse, quedarse callado
to fall into decay/disrepute — irse* deteriorando/desprestigiarse
b) ( enter)to fall into a trance/coma — entrar en trance/coma
to fall into a trap — caer* en una trampa
she fell into a deep sleep — se durmió profundamente; see also prey, victim
5)a) ( land)the stress falls on the first syllable — el acento cae or recae sobre la primera sílaba
b) ( into category)the problems fall into three categories — los problemas se pueden clasificar en tres tipos diferentes
6) ( be slain) (frml) caer* (frml)•Phrasal Verbs:- fall for- fall in- fall off- fall on- fall out- fall to[fɔːl] (vb: pt fell) (pp fallen)1. N1) (=tumble) caída fthe Fall — (Rel) la Caída
- be heading or riding for a fall2) [of building, bridge etc] derrumbamiento m; [of rocks] desprendimiento m; [of earth] corrimiento m3) (=decrease) disminución f; (in prices, temperature, demand) descenso m (in de); (Econ) baja f4) (=downfall) caída f, ocaso m; (=defeat) derrota f; [of city] rendición f, caída f; (from favour, power etc) alejamiento m5) (=slope) [of ground] declive m, desnivel m7) (US) (=autumn) otoño m2. VI1) (=fall down) [person, object] caerse•
to fall on one's feet — caer de pie; (fig) salir bien parado•
to fall to or on one's knees — arrodillarse, caer de rodillas- fall on one's ass- fall flatflat I, 1., 6)2) (=drop) [leaves, bomb, rain, snow, night] caer; [rocks] desprenderse•
he fell into bed exhausted — se desplomó en la cama, exhausto•
they left as darkness fell — partieron al caer la noche•
to let sth fall — dejar caer algoto let fall that... — soltar que...
•
night was falling — anochecía, se hacía de noche•
it all began to fall into place — (fig) todo empezó a encajar•
to fall short of sb's expectations — defraudar las esperanzas de algn•
to fall among thieves — (esp Bible) ir a parar entre ladrones3) [person] (morally etc) caer•
to fall from grace — (Rel) perder la gracia; (fig) caer en desgracia4) (=slope) [ground] descender, caer en declive5) (=hang) [hair, drapery] caer6) (=decrease) disminuir; [price, level, temperature etc] bajar, descender; [wind] amainar7) (=be defeated) [government] caer, ser derrotado; [city] rendirse, ser tomado9) (=become)•
to fall asleep — quedarse dormido, dormirse•
to fall heir to sth — heredar algo•
to fall ill — caer enfermo, enfermarse•
to fall in love (with sth/sb) — enamorarse (de algo/algn)3.CPDfall guy * N — (=easy victim) víctima f (de un truco); (=scapegoat) cabeza f de turco
- fall for- fall in- fall off- fall on- fall out- fall to* * *
I [fɔːl]1) (tumble, descent) caída fto be heading o (esp AmE) riding for a fall — ir* camino al desastre
2) ( autumn) (AmE) otoño m3) ( decrease)a fall in temperature — un descenso de (las) temperaturas or de la temperatura
a fall in prices — una bajada or caída de precios
4) (defeat, collapse) caída f
II
1)a) ( tumble) caerse*to fall foul of somebody/something: he fell foul of the law/his boss — tuvo problemas con la ley/su jefe
b) ( descend) \<\<night/rain\>\> caer*2) \<\<temperature\>\> bajar, descender* (frml); \<\<price\>\> bajar, caer*; \<\<wind\>\> amainar3) (be captured, defeated)to fall (TO somebody) — \<\<city/country\>\> caer* (en manos or en poder de alguien)
4)to fall ill o (esp AmE) sick — caer* or (Esp tb) ponerse* enfermo, enfermarse (AmL)
to fall silent — callarse, quedarse callado
to fall into decay/disrepute — irse* deteriorando/desprestigiarse
b) ( enter)to fall into a trance/coma — entrar en trance/coma
to fall into a trap — caer* en una trampa
she fell into a deep sleep — se durmió profundamente; see also prey, victim
5)a) ( land)the stress falls on the first syllable — el acento cae or recae sobre la primera sílaba
b) ( into category)the problems fall into three categories — los problemas se pueden clasificar en tres tipos diferentes
6) ( be slain) (frml) caer* (frml)•Phrasal Verbs:- fall for- fall in- fall off- fall on- fall out- fall to -
19 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1 June 1796 Paris, Franced. 24 August 1831 Paris, France[br]French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.[br]Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.[br]Bibliography1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).RLHBiographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
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20 уменьшаться
Уменьшаться - to decrease, to drop, to fall, to fall off, to lessen, to decline, to relax, to decay; to be decreased, to be reduced, to be diminishedWe see that as firing rate is reduced, M, which is the mass of the combustion gases, decreases linearly.Then the pressure begins to drop as the flow redevelops and continues to drop due to friction in the fully developed regime.As energy is dissipated locally, the temperature rises, the local moduli fall, and the specimen stiffness and damping are reduced.In either case both the tube load and bending stress fall off fairly rapidly away from the outer edge of the tubesheet.We observed in the blunt notched-specimen simulations that the plastic-strain field lessens 63 percent over a distance that is comparable to the 0.25-mm notch-root radius.The effectiveness is shown to decline with increasing cant angle.Following the air flow disturbance, both model results and test data show an initial overshoot (перерегулирование) in steam pressure which then relaxes to a lower value.On the latter bar, the extent of surface damage is significantly reduced due to the inhibiting of the surface/environment interaction by the relatively inert environment.Уменьшаться на-- The first critical speed and the onset speed of instability drop by approximately 7 and 6 percent, respectively.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > уменьшаться
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